ABSTRACT
Cephalometry is used to quantify and qualify the type of malocclusion. The digital technology has overcome the limitations of manual method. A high cost of the commercially available software is unaffordable for its wide spread use. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the values of Steiner’s cephalometric analysis using Nemoceph and Foxit PDF reader. No significant difference between the two methods will result in that Foxit PDF reader can be used as an cost effective alternative. Methods: This study was conducted on 100 digital lateral cephalogram taken from the same machine. The samples were collected by non-probability convenience sampling procedures. These images were analyzed for Steiner’s Cephalometric Analysis using the two software. Results: The skeletal and dental values showed no statistical significant difference in the majority, except for the L1-NA (Linear) and L1-NB (Linear). Conclusion: Results showed that there is a high agreement between the two methods.
ABSTRACT
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, requires a cautious acquisition and interpretation of a large amount of information to achieve a correct diagnosis and treatment planning. Manual techniques are time consuming and tedious. The digital technology is advantageous but the affordability remains obstacle. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to compare the linear and angular measures between the two methods, Ceph Ninja and Nemoceph. No significant difference between the two methods will result in that Ceph Ninja can be used as an alternative. Methods: This study was conducted on 100 digital lateral cephalogram taken from the same machine. The samples were collected by non-probability convenience sampling procedures. These images were analyzed for Steiner’s Cephalometric Analysis using the two software. Results: The results of this study showed the skeletal and dental values had no statistical significant difference in the majority, except for the linear values of Lower Incisor and Upper Incisor with N-A and N-B respectively. Conclusion: It seems that the two software can be used interchangeably with high confidence.
ABSTRACT
A mucous cyst (mucous extravasation cyst, mucocele, ranula, mucous retention cyst) is a thin sac on the inner surface of the lips. They are painless swellings but can be bothersome. The cysts are thought to be caused because of trauma by sucking of the lip membranes between the teeth, if left untreated; they can organize and form a permanent bump on the inner surface of the lip. They are known as ranula when on the floor of the mouth, and epulis when present on the gums. This article highlights the advantages and evaluates the efficacy of treatment of mucocele with the help of diode lasers.
ABSTRACT
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in female Wistar rats by intradermal injection of porcine immunization grade native collagen type II (Chondrex). Development and progression of CIA was monitored by studying histopathological, radiographical and biochemical features of arthritic manifestations in the knee joints, hind limb and blood plasma. In addition, oxidative stress status of arthritic animals was determined by measuring lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymes: catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. High resolution proton NMR spectroscopy was employed for the analysis of lipid components in the lipid extracts of the joint tissue and plasma of collagen-induced arthritic and control rats. Triglyceride levels showed significant decreases in plasma (1.7 times) but were unchanged in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to control. One-dimensional proton NMR spectra showed a 6.2 times reduction in the quantity of choline-containing phospholipids in the plasma of CIA as compared to control rats. There was a 1.6 times elevation of choline-containing phospholipids in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to controls. Induction of arthritis showed a 4.0 times reduction in the level of total cholesterol in the plasma and 1.6 times elevation in the joint tissue of CIA rats as compared to controls. The ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids was 1.5 times significantly higher in joint tissue and 2.1 times significantly higher in plasma of CIA rats as compared to controls. The results demonstrated significantly altered lipid patterns in the joint tissue and plasma of collagen-induced arthritic rats as detected by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy compared with controls.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced , Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism , Arthritis, Experimental/pathology , Biomarkers/analysis , Collagen/toxicity , Female , Lipid Metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective neurostimulative treatment in psychiatric disorders and is widely used throughout the world except few countries. Studies regarding quality of life and well-being in patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy have not been undertaken in our country. Objective of current study was to study the quality of life and well-being in patients receiving Electroconvulsive therapy. Methods: 50 patients who have been prescribed pharmacological drugs form the control group and 50 patients already on psychotropic medication who were prescribed electroconvulsive therapy form the case group were taken up for study. Detailed evaluations were carried out clinically and by measurement of Well-being index. Pre-treatment evaluation was carried out one day before Electroconvulsive therapy, and post treatment was carried out at 3 and 7 week. Data were evaluated by means of chi square and Repeat ANOVA, Post hoc Bonferroni correction for within group comparisons applicable. Results: Mean wellbeing index for study group is 14 which is slightly higher than control (11) (p>0.001.) Well-being index of study group is much higher than that of control group at 3 and 7 week post treatment (p>0.001). Conclusions: Sustained effect on quality of life remains in depression up to 7 weeks and in mania it responds rapidly wanes off within 7 weeks. Electroconvulsive therapy improves the quality of life in psychiatric patients.
ABSTRACT
Background: Compliance with medication is decisive for treatment of the psychiatric disorders and is necessary for determining the outcome and prognoses of psychiatric patients. While the causes of poor compliance are multifactorial, the psychiatrist should be aware of such factors and may be able to implement interventions to address those factors. The objective of study was to find out the various medical and social reasons affecting treatment Compliance among patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. Methods: A Cross-Sectional study from 2011 to 2012 was conducted in IMHANS (Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences) Srinagar (J&K), a questionnaire was designed, and the questionnaire included questions on socio-demographic variables, psychiatric illnesses, and Medical and psycho-social affecting treatment compliance. A systematic selection method for choosing the respondents was opted, questionnaire was administered on 200 (n=200) patients who attended the Outpatient department during the period. Simple random sampling method was applied for selection of respondents, the first time visitors to OPD were exclude along with repetition of respondents. Results: Out of 200 respondents studied in the study 41.5 % were males and 58.5% were females. Maximum number of patients (31.5%) studied were in the age group below the 30 years. 3.5% of respondents were in the age group above 70 years. Out of total 200 respondents in the study 74 % of the respondents are in compliance with recommended medicine whereas non-compliance was found in the 26% of studied population. Complications (13.46%) ascending out by usage of psychiatric medicine can be attributed as one of the major case of treatment non-compliance in psychiatric patients, among the psychiatric patients. Accessibility of psychiatric medicine and Financial constrain was also one of the reasons behind the medicine non-compliance (7.69%). Patients with no insight to psychiatric disease also include a good percentage of (5.76 %) of medicine non- compliance. Conclusions: Non-compliance is a dominant factor which causes possibly causes readmission in psychiatric wards. Compliance in psychiatric patients in general could be enhanced and improved by adequate intervention via patient counselling and patient medicinal care and education.
ABSTRACT
L-deprenyl is considered to protect against age-related cognitive deficits by improving long-term learning/memory in the aged brain. The CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas are the sites at which initial learning and memory processes occur. Chronic deprenyl treatment significantly augmented the basal electrical firing rate (multiple-unit action potentials),and Na+, K+-ATPase and protein kinase C activities of both CA1 and CA3 indicating that the drug increased the excitability of CA1 and CA3. The increase, however, was much greater in CA1 than in CA3 suggesting that deprenyl can improve longer term learning in aged animals by its excitability-enhancing action in CA1. The drug also countered the ageing-related loss of hippocampal protein kinase C activity.
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Changes in the subcellular distribution of hexokinase activity from three brain regions and heart were studied during alloxan induced diabetes. There was an overall decrease in the particulate hexokinase with an increase in the soluble form, after different time intervals of the onset of diabetes. Administration of insulin to the diabetic rats showed a partial counteraction of the enzyme changes. A possible regulation of brain hexokinase by metabolite changes is proposed.
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Changes in the activity of hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the three brain regions and heart were studied in the 6-Aminonicotinamide-treated rats. Drug administration decreased the particulate hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, but increased the soluble hexokinase.
ABSTRACT
Two key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructosp-1-6- diphosphatase, were present in the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum and the brain stem of the rat brain. Significant activities of these-enzymes were associated with the particulate fraction.